解读笛福和他的《鲁滨孙飘流记》

笛福是英国文学史上第一个重要的小说家。他在 1 71 9年写的《鲁滨孙飘流记》( Robinson Crusoe)是世界文学名著中最流行的小说之一 ,在世界文坛上占有非常重要的地位 ,“荒岛上的鲁滨孙”已成为一般人熟悉的典故。这是一部英国资产阶级上升时期的文学巨著 ,今天我们重新解读之更不乏其现实意义和历史意义     

论伊丽莎白一世的外交政策

伊丽莎白一世是英国历史上著名的君主，她统治英国长达四十馀年。这期间既是英国社会经济、政治、文化、宗教、外交诸方面发生剧烈变化的时期．也是英国向近代化道路迈进的时期。她的外交政策不仅对英国社会而且对欧洲政治发展产生重大作用。十六世纪六十年代末以前，她利用西法矛盾．建立英西联盟关系，把西班牙作为英国主要的国际支柱，对抗法国，提高英国在国际政治中的地位。此后，随着英国资本主义工商业迅速发展，迫切需要扩大海外贸易，寻找新的市场，长期拥有海上霸权的西班牙又成为英国对外扩张的主要障碍，为此，伊丽莎白女王改变外交政策，转而同法国结盟对抗西班牙．开辟了英国外交的新时代。     

Human Motivation and Professional Practice: of Knights, Knaves and Social Workers

Efforts to improve the efficiency and responsiveness of public services by harnessing the self‐interest of professionals in state agencies have been widely debated in the recent literature on welfare state reform. In the context of social services, one way in which British policy‐makers have sought to effect such changes has been through the “new community care” of the 1990 NHS and Community Care Act. Key to this is the concept of care management, in which the identification of needs and the provision of services are separated, purportedly with a view to improving advocacy, choice and quality for service users. This paper uses data from a wide‐ranging qualitative study of access to social care for older people to examine the success of the policy in these terms, with specific reference to its attempts to harness the rational self‐interest of professionals. While care management removes one potential conflict of interests by separating commissioning and provision, the responsibility of social care professionals to comply with organizational priorities conflicts with their role of advocacy for their clients, a tension rendered all the more problematic by the perceived inadequacy of funding. Moreover, the bureaucracy of the care management process itself further negates the approach's supposedly client‐centred ethos.     

论英国现代化启动前的成功准备

英国是第一个启动和实现现代化即由传统社会向现代社会转变的国家。造成这个状况的关键因素是 ,在现代化启动前 ,英国社会已发生了深刻的社会变革。正是这种变革 ,为现代化在英国的成功启动准备了充分、独特的条件。     

Governmentality by Network in English Primary Healthcare

In England, the quality of clinical work is being regulated in new ways following recent developments in “clinical governance” policy and apparent failures in the previous system of medical self‐regulation. Using multiple case studies, this paper examines how these changes are affecting professional governmentality and discipline in general practice. Formal organizational structures play little role in clinical governance there. Clinical quality is managed largely through semi‐formal networks, relying on medical self‐surveillance. Compliance is achieved largely by discursive appeals to the legitimacy of clinical governance, but local GPs’ leaders also argue that governments might otherwise regulate medical practice more actively. As yet the effects of clinical governance activity on service delivery are slight. Professional self‐regulation is replacing permissive exception management with more collegial, directive methods.     

英国近代贵族政治研究述评

长期以来,贵族政治是国外学界的热门课题之一.迄今有许多论著问世,其中不少指明了近代英国贵族寡头政治的特征,这有助于揭示光荣革命后该国政府体制的阶级属性.20世纪80年代以来,国内学界开始关注这一课题,但总体而言,成果寥寥,有必要继续深化研究,尤其要注重分析英国贵族政治权势在近代长期延续的原因.     

试论18世纪英国小说文体的形成与社会文化的关系

18世纪英国小说是作为一种对深远的文化和社会变化的文学反映而出现的。社会和文化的变化以文学的形式反映出来,小说成为了一种载体;反过来,因为小说对于这些变化的反映而进一步促进了这些变化的发生并且使某些观念得以牢固树立。     

Productivism is allegedly dead, long live productivism. Evidence of continued productivist attitudes and decision-making in South-East England

The adjustment of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) initiated in the mid-1980s in response to its high cost and in-built tendency for overproduction set in train a series of measures that have been interpreted as reversing the former emphasis on agricultural production and diverting farmers towards alternative approaches to running their businesses. The policy reform measures have been characterised as contributing to a structural transition from a ‘productivist’ to ‘post-productivist’ era in agriculture, although empirical evidence for such reorientation at the farm level is less than conclusive. This paper reports on results from an analysis of large-scale commercial farmers in an area of relatively intensive arable and mixed livestock farming using documentary and survey sources to seek evidence of this transition over the long-term. Although these farmers have engaged with policy reform measures where these do not conflict with their primary objective, they continue to intensify and specialise their agricultural operations and to concentrate productive farm resources through accumulation and expansion.     

"Not a Cigarette Paper Between Us": Integrated Inspection of Children's Services in England

Children's services in England are undergoing their most radical transformation since 1948 following the passage of the Children Act 2004. A key part of these changes is the legal requirement to have an Integrated Inspection Framework to assess the extent to which the new Children's Services Authorities have succeeded in meeting five key outcomes—being healthy, staying safe, enjoying and achieving, making a positive contribution and achieving economic well‐being. To this end, up to ten national inspectorates have to coordinate their activities to a hitherto unparalleled extent. This article describes the nature and scale of the new remit and identifies a number of unresolved issues that could impede progress. It is argued that the policy has the hallmarks and accompanying limitations of a top–down exercise in policy formulation and implementation.     

The Secular and the Radical in Irish Associational Culture of Mid-Victorian Glasgow

It will be argued in this article that, in engaging with a diasporic network centred on the Dublin-centred National Brotherhood of St Patrick, a more public and confident Irish Catholic leadership emerged in Glasgow during the 1860s. The self-improving reading room culture that the Brotherhood was at pains to provide for also, however, proved attractive to Irish-Scots workers and gave them important formal associational experience. When the local Catholic hierarchy portrayed this as secret society nationalism in disguise, leading Irish Catholic worthies reacted by publicly associating themselves with more militant nationalists in expressions of an Irishness that was both secular and, at times, radical.